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- UNIX:
(by Ken Thompson and Dennis
Ritchie at AT&T Bell Labs: picture
(1972), former MULTICS
programmers, history
(D. Ritchie, 1979), history,
tree, strongly
interconnected with C,
The Unix Heritage
Society)
Motif, OSF/1, UNIX and the "X" device
are registered trademarks and IT DialTone and The Open Group are
trademarks of The Open Group
in the US and other countries.
- ancient
AT&T UNIX (see SCO
site for source code license: application for the PDP
UNIX archive access, downloads and info, history):
3 groups at AT&T Bell Labs involved:
system development by the "Computer Research Group"
(CRG),
"Unix System Group" (USG) responsible for support,
"Programmer's WorkBench" (PWB) developer group,
these groups were merged into "Unix System Development Lab"
(USDL) in 1983
first experimental version of UNIX on a PDP-7,
1st
Edition UNIX ("V1", for PDP-11, 16-Bit, 1971),
2nd Edition UNIX ("V2"),
3rd Edition UNIX ("V3"),
4th Edition UNIX ("V4", 1973, first implementation in
C),
5th Edition
UNIX ("V5"),
6th Edition
UNIX ("V6" or "Research UNIX", for PDP-11,
1975, BSD derived from this version),
Mini UNIX
(cut-down version of V6),
7th Edition
UNIX ("V7", for PDP-11, 1979, incl. pcc and sh),
32/V (V7
port to VAX, 32-Bit but w/o VM, influence on 3BSD)
then two branches: AT&T UNIX and BSD
- AT&T
UNIX (USG/USDL):
System III,
(there has been no System IV release),
System V,
System V Release 2 (SVR2),
System V Release 3 (SVR3),
System V Release
4 (SVR4) (enhancements from BSD and SunOS (Sun´s partnership
with AT&T),
filesystem),
UnixWare (SVR4 by Novell,
later SCO)
companies and history:
System V later owned
by "Unix System Laboratories" (USL, majority-owned by
AT&T),
AT&T sold USL (UNIX name and System V) to Novell in 1993,
later Novell delivered control of UNIX name to X/Open (since 1996
The Open Group),
Novell sold System V and UnixWare rights to SCO,
SCO sold it to Caldera in
2000
- XENIX
(by SCO & Microsoft,
based on AT&T System III, for Intel 286/386 platform),
SCO UNIX (portable SCO successor of XENIX),
SCO UnixWare
(SCO UNIX successor, based on SVR4)
- BSD:
(Berkeley Software Distribution, history,
twenty
years of Berkeley UNIX, timeline,
tree, xBSD CDROM archive
and source code
license from SCO)
BSD
(first distribution, for PDP-11, based on V6 + additional software),
2BSD
(for PDP-11, rework of V6)
3BSD
(for VAX, 32-Bit with VM, based on 2BSD and 32/V),
4BSD,
4.1BSD
(tuned-up 4BSD) 4.2BSD
(TCP/IP derived from ARPAnet),
4.3BSD
(still for VAX, XNS), 4.3BSD-Tahoe
(portable, for Tahoe = CCI Power 6/32), (documents),
Net/1
("Berkeley Networking Distribution", freely distributable
networking code of 4.3BSD-Tahoe),
4.3BSD-reno
(interim release before 4.4BSD, for VAX/Tahoe/HP9000-300, NFS,
download),
Net/2
(freely distributable code of 4.3BSD-reno, almost complete distribution:
"six missing files" due to 32/V copyrights),
386/BSD (full freely
distributable release for Intel 386 architecture, by Bill Jolitz,
own "six missing replacements", info)
NetBSD/FreeBSD/OpenBSD
(derived from Net/2 and 386/BSD, info),
BSDI
(commercially supported version of Net/2 with its own "six
files", info),
4.4BSD-Encumbered
(with old 32/V copyright), 4.4BSD-Lite
(freely distributable, base for rework of BSDI/NetBSD/FreeBSD/OpenBSD,
announcement,
documents, info,
download),
4.4BSD-Lite Release
2 (bug fix of 4.4BSD-Lite, info)
some currently available BSD releases:
4.4BSD-Lite
Release 2 (multiplatform)
NetBSD (most platforms,
ftp),
OpenBSD (multiplatform,
improved security, ftp),
FreeBSD (especially
for i386/alpha, ftp)
2.11BSD (for
PDP-11/xx with 22-Bit addressing, mainly a 4.3BSD port)
- Mach
(UNIX-like operating system, based on BSD, by Carnegie
Mellon University, 1985-1994, with Mach Microkernel)
Mach decendents:
OSF/1 (by OSF)
The Open Group: Mk
GNU: HURD
MkLinux
4.4BSD on Mach: Lites
- POSIX
(Portable Operating System Interface, IEEE 1003.x standards, heavily
influenced by UNIX, certification)
- X
Window System (GUI + protocol, developed at MIT as part
of "Project Athena distributed workstation environment",
first implementations on VAXstations, influenced by Stanford windowing
system W and Sun's SunView)
Look&Feels: X-MIT Athena, Sun & AT&T OpenLook,
OSF Motif, DEC DECwindows, SGI 4Sight,
Xfree86 (freely redistributable
open-source implementation, first versions for Intel x86 platforms,
now multiplatform)
- The
Open Group:
Formed in 1996 of X/Open and OSF
X/Open Company Ltd.:
Formed in 1984, standards for open architecture systems (mainly
UNIX systems), 1993: "X/Open Portability Guide" (XPG)
standards for use of the UNIX brand name (superset of the IEEE/ANSI
POSIX, Novell delivered the control of the UNIX name to X/Open
in 1993)
OSF ("Open Software Foundation"):
Formed in 1988 (mainly by IBM/HP/DEC), alternative to SVR4 (Sun/AT&T),
software specifications, products: DCE, Motif, OSF/1
- OSF/1
(by OSF, system definitions, based on the (BSD-based) Mach and
System V, conforms to SVID ("System V Interface Definitions")
and UNIX standards, influenced HP-UX/AIX/Digital UNIX)
- GNU
(UNIX-like operating system environment, base environment for
Linux and various freely distributable BSDs, stands for "GNU's
not UNIX", history,
GNU General Public
License),
GNU kernel: HURD
(based on Mach Microkernel)
packages:
GNU for HP-UX
see also: djgpp GNU
development system for PCs running DOS
- MINIX
(UNIX-like system, written by Andrew S. Tanenbaum from scratch,
ftp)
MINIX 1.5: PC, amiga,
atari, Apple
Macintosh,
MINIX 2.0: PC
with 8088/286/386/486/pentium CPU
- Linux
(UNIX-like multiplatform, original kernel written for Intel i386
architecture by Linus Torvalds from scratch, GNU environment,
history)
MkLinux (based on Mach Microkernel)
Linux
HOWTO
distributions:
Slackware, MCALinux
(Slackware for IBM PS/2 with MicroChannel)
SuSE (ftp),
RedHat (ftp),
Caldera,
Debian distribution,
Corel Linux
drivers, etc.:
LinuxLabProject (HP-IB
drivers, control software for multimeters)
- ULTRIX
(by DEC)
"ULTRIX-11" for PDP-11 (2BSD based)
"ULTRIX-32" for VAX (3BSD and 4BSD based), later "ULTRIX
VAX"
"ULTRIX-32m" for MicroVAX, later "ULTRIX VAX"
"ULTRIX VAX", for VAX/MicroVAX systems
"ULTRIX MIPS" for MIPS based DECstations/systems
latest versions mainly 4.2BSD + parts of 4.3BSD and SVR4, DEC
picture
- HP-UX
(proprietary UNIX system by HP
for their HP9000 series minicomputers/workstations, first releases
based on BSD and System V extensions, later mainly SVR4 with influences
by OSF/1, HP documentation,
free GNU software)
- AIX
(proprietary UNIX system by IBM,
influenced by BSD + System V + OSF/1)
- SunOS
(proprietary UNIX system by Sun,
first releases heavily influenced by BSD, later shift to System
V due to partnership with AT&T, BSD + SunOS + System V gave
SVR4)
Solaris
(package of: SunOS,
Openwindows, Openwindows deskset tools, ONC networking products
and services (which includes NFS and NIS))
- IRIX
(proprietary UNIX system by SGI,
based on System V)
- Digital
UNIX (formerly "DEC OSF/1 AXP", based on
the OSF/1 specification, by DEC
(now Compaq) for Alpha AXP based computers),
Tru64 UNIX
(successor of Digital UNIX, by Compaq)
- OpenVMS
(formerly VAX/VMS for VAX processors, older versions: special
MicroVMS version for MicroVAX processors, proprietary real-time
multi-tasking multi-user OS, "Open"-versions are POSIX
compliant, first VMS versions for VAX and since OpenVMS also for
Alpha AXP, by DEC (now Compaq)):
infos+links, related
sites, history,
history2,
VMS hardware,
Hobbyist license,
tricks and FAQs: tricks1,
tricks2,
tricks3,
tricks4,
tricks5,
documentation
DCL (command interpreter language)
network: DNA, DECnet, ...
storage devices + cluster: SCA, SCS,
MSCP, VAXcluster, ...
file systems:
ODS-2 ("On-Disk Structure 2") + RMS ("Record Management
Services")
ODS-1 ("On-Disk Structure 1", see PDP-141, e.g. used
for floppies under VMS) accessible via EXCHANGE utility
- VAXELN
(for VAX processors, dedicated stand-alone application multi-tasking
system, programming: special Pascal development software under
VAX/VMS, by DEC, similar to Micropower Pascal for PDP-11)
- Digital
Research CP/M
(single-user single-task operating system, by Gary A. Kildall,
infos, info,
info + downloads, info)
CP/M: for Intel 8080 and Zilog Z80 based computers
CP/M-86: variant for Intel 8086 based computers
CP/M-68K: variant for Motorola 68000 based computers
CP/M components/layers:
CCP ("Console Command Processor"): command line interpreter
BDOS ("Basic Disk Operating System"): machine independent
part
BIOS ("Basic Input Output System"): machine dependent
part
CP/M
descendants:
86-DOS (and later MS-DOS)
DR-DOS
CP/M-86 descendants:
DOS plus
Concurrent DOS
REAL/32 by IMS
Ltd.
CP/M-68K descendants:
GEM/GEMDOS
- Digital
Research GEM/GEMDOS
based on CP/M-68K
GEM/GEMDOS layers/components:
BIOS
XBIOS: extension to BIOS
GEMDOS ("GEM Disk Operating System"): analogous to CP/M
BDOS layer
GEM
("Graphical Environment Manager"): graphical user interface
GEM components:
AES ("Application Environment System")
VDI ("Virtual Device Interface")
GEM Desktop
used in Apple Lisa and Atari ST (see TOS)
- Atari
TOS ("The Operating System" or "Tramiel Operating
System", for 68000 based Atari ST computer, info):
TOS: ST variants of GEM + GEMDOS (see Digital Research) + XBIOS
+ BIOS
- "QDOS",
86-DOS ("Quick and Dirty Operating System", by
Tim Paterson (Seattle Computers) for Intel 8086-based computers,
largely based on CP/M, first release 1980, info,
later bought by Microsoft and became MS-DOS)
Note: The 86-DOS, which is was called "QDOS"
in its first release, has nothing to do with Fairlight's QDOS,
which is a variant of Motorola's MDOS for the dual-6800 QASAR
computer, (see MDOS for more).
- MS-DOS
(by Microsoft, for Intel
x86 based PCs, ancestor: 86-DOS, info)
- MDOS
(by Motorola, for Motorola 6800 based computers, info)
variants:
QDOS: Fairlight QASAR dual-6800 variant of MDOS (1976,
click here for more infos
about QASAR and QDOS)
Note: The QASAR QDOS has nothing to do with 86-DOS,
which is often referred to as "QDOS" (or "Quick
and Dirty Operating System"), written by Tim Paterson for
Intel 8086-based computers (see 86-DOS for more). Furthermore,
QASAR QDOS has also nothing to do with QDOS for the Sinclair QL
(68008-based) computer system.
XDOS
links:
Fairlight QDOS
- OS-9,
OS-9000 (by Microware,
proprietary real-time multi-user multi-tasking OS, main architecture
based on memory
modules with CRC protection, infos
+ manuals)
OS-9/6809 = OS9: for Motorola 6809 (depending on the presence
of virtual memory support: "OS9 Level 1" and "OS9
Level 2")
OS-9/68K = OSK: for Motorola 680x0 architectures (depending
on the presence of virtual memory support: "OSK Level 1"
and "OSK Level 2")
OS-9000 = OS9000 = OS9K: multi-platform successor of OS-9
Note:
Not to be confused with "Mac OS 9" for the Apple
Macintosh.
Filesystem:
RBF: "Random Block File", called after the rbf filemanager.
(info
for OSK)
OS-9 Level 1 and 2 only use 256-Byte sectors, but some device
drivers are able to translate other sector sizes (e.g. 512 or
2048 Bytes) into "virtual" 256-Byte sectors.
OS-9/NET (optional extension for OS-9/68K for filesystem
and device access on remote nodes):
network filemanager NFM
eio + netserv processes (started via nmon): incoming message monitor/server
physical layers:
* OMNINET (1 Mbps RS-485 multidrop bus, HDLC based)
* ARCNET ("Attached Resource Computer NETwork", 2.5
Mbps token passing bus)
* Ethernet (10Mbps CSMA/CD bus, types: 0x7007, 0x7009)
* RS-232C (point-to-point)
links:
RTSI OS-9 World Wide Archive
Fairlight CMI Series III OS-9
Level 2 infos
Downloads (especially for CMI)
- NitrOS-9
(OS-9 compatible, for Hitachi 6309)
www.nitros9.org
- FLEX
(disk operating system by TSC)
MiniFLEX (1976, for Motorola 6800)
FLEX (MiniFLEX successor)
FLEX 9 (for Motorola 6809)
links:
FLEX user group,
history
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